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Medaglia Nazionale della Scienza

Medaglia Nazionale della Scienza

Barack Obama (4 ° da destra) con i vincitori della National Medal of Science 2010

La National Medal of Science è un premio assegnato dal Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America ogni anno a un massimo di 20 scienziati che danno un contributo eccezionale al progresso della conoscenza nelle scienze comportamentali e sociali , biologia , chimica , ingegneria , matematica e fisica . La medaglia, fondata nel 1959 e assegnata per la prima volta quattro anni dopo, è andata a 506 persone fino ai vincitori del 2014 inclusi.

Vincitori del premio

Scienze comportamentali e sociali

Biologia (Scienze biologiche)

1963: Cornelis Bernardus van Niel
1964: Theodosius Dobzhansky , Marshall Warren Nirenberg
1965: Francis Peyton Rous , George Gaylord Simpson , Donald Van Slyke ,
1966: Edward F. Knipling , Fritz Albert Lipmann , William Rose , Sewall Wright
1967: Kenneth Stewart Cole , Harry Harlow , Michael Heidelberger , Alfred Sturtevant
1968: Horace Albert Barker , Bernard B. Brodie , Detlev Wulf Bronk , Jay Lush , BF Skinner
1969: Robert J. Huebner , Ernst Mayr
1970: Barbara McClintock , Albert Sabin
1973: Daniel I. Arnon , Earl Wilbur Sutherland
1974: Britton Chance , Erwin Chargaff , James V. Neel , James A. Shannon
1975: Hallowell Davis , Paul Gyorgy , Sterling Hendricks , Orville Vogel
1976: Roger Guillemin , Keith R. Porter , Efraim Racker , Edward O. Wilson
1979: Robert H. Burris , Elizabeth C. Crosby , Arthur Kornberg , Severo Ochoa , Earl R. Stadtman , George Ledyard Stebbins , Paul Alfred Weiss
1981: Philip Handler
1982: Seymour Benzer , Glenn W. Burton , Mildred Cohn
1983: Howard L. Bachrach , Paul Berg , Wendell L. Roelofs , Berta Scharrer
1986: Stanley Cohen , Donald A. Henderson , Vernon Mountcastle , George Emil Palade , Joan A. Steitz
1987: Michael Ellis DeBakey , Theodor O. Diener , Harry Eagle , Har Gobind Khorana , Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988: Michael Stuart Brown , Stanley Norman Cohen , Joseph L. Goldstein , Maurice R. Hilleman , Eric Kandel , Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989: Katherine Esau , Viktor Hamburger , Philip Leder , Joshua Lederberg , Roger Sperry , Harland G. Wood

Joshua Lederberg (a destra) riceve la National Medal of Science dal presidente George HW Bush (1989)
1990: Baruj Benacerraf , Herbert W. Boyer , Daniel E. Koshland , Edward B. Lewis , David G. Nathan , Edward Donnall Thomas
1991: Mary Ellen Avery , George Evelyn Hutchinson , Elvin A. Kabat , Robert W. Kates , Salvador Edward Luria , Paul A. Marks , Folke Skoog , Paul Zamecnik
1992: Maxine Singer , Howard M. Temin
1993: Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch , Daniel Nathans
1994: Thomas Eisner , Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995: Alexander Rich
1996: Ruth Patrick
1997: James Watson , Robert Allan Weinberg
1998: Bruce Ames , Janet Rowley
1999: David Baltimore , Jared Diamond , Lynn Margulis
2000: Nancy Andreasen , Peter H. Raven , Carl Woese
2001: Francisco J. Ayala , George Fletcher Bass , Mario Capecchi , Ann M. Graybiel , Gene Likens , Victor Almon McKusick , Harold Elliot Varmus

Evelyn M. Witkin riceve la National Medal of Science dal presidente George W. Bush (2002)
2002: James E. Darnell , Evelyn M. Witkin
2003: John Michael Bishop , Solomon H. Snyder , Charles Yanofsky
2004: Norman Borlaug , Phillip Allen Sharp , Thomas E. Starzl
2005: Anthony Fauci , Torsten N. Wiesel
2006: Rita R. Colwell , Nina Fedoroff , Lubert Stryer
2007: Robert Lefkowitz , Bert W. O'Malley
2008: Francis Collins , Elaine Fuchs , Craig Venter
2009: Susan Lindquist , Stanley Prusiner
2010: Ralph L. Brinster , Rudolf Jaenisch
2011: Sallie Chisholm , Leroy Hood , Lucy Shapiro
2012: Bruce Alberts , maggio Berenbaum
2013: Rakesh K. Jain
2014: Stanley Falkow , Mary-Claire King , Simon Levin

Chimica

1964: Roger Adams
1982: Frank Albert Cotton , Gilbert Stork
1983: Roald Hoffmann , George C. Pimentel , Richard N. Zare
1986: Harry B. Gray , Yuan T. Lee , Carl S. Marvel , Frank Westheimer
1987: William Summer Johnson , Walter H. Stockmayer , Max Tishler
1988: William O. Baker , Konrad Bloch , Elias James Corey
1989: Richard Barry Bernstein , Melvin Calvin , Rudolph Arthur Marcus , Harden M. McConnell
1990: Elkan Blout , Karl August Folkers , John D. Roberts
1991: Ronald Breslow , Gertrude Belle Elion , Dudley R. Herschbach , Glenn T. Seaborg
1992: Howard E. Simmons
1993: Donald J. Cram , Norman Hackerman
1994: George S. Hammond
1995: Thomas R. Cech , Isabella Karle
1996: Norman Davidson
1997: Darleane C. Hoffman , Harold S. Johnston
1998: John W. Cahn , George Whitesides
1999: Stuart A. Rice , John Ross , Susan Solomon
2000: John D. Baldeschwieler , Ralph Hirschmann
2001: Ernest R. Davidson , Gábor A. Somorjai
2002: John I. Brauman
2004: Stephen Lippard
2005: Tobin Marks
2006: Marvin H. Caruthers , Peter Dervan
2007: Mostafa El-Sayed
2008: Joanna Fowler , JoAnne Stubbe
2009: Stephen J. Benkovic , Marye Anne Fox
2010: Jacqueline K. Barton , Peter J. Stang
2011: Allen J. Bard , Frederick Hawthorne
2012: Judith Klinman , Jerrold Meinwald
2013: Geraldine L. Richmond
2014: A. Paul Alivisatos

Ingegneria

1962: Theodore von Kármán
1963: Vannevar Bush , John R. Pierce
1964: Othmar Ammann , Charles Stark Draper
1965: Hugh Latimer Dryden , Clarence Johnson , Warren Lewis
1966: Claude Shannon
1967: Edwin Herbert Land , Igor Iwanowitsch Sikorski
1968: John Presper Eckert , Nathan M. Newmark
1969: Jack Kilby
1970: George E. Mueller
1973: Harold E. Edgerton , Richard T. Whitcomb
1974: Rudolf Kompfner , Ralph Brazelton Peck , Abel Wolman
1975: Manson Benedict , Wernher von Braun , William Hayward Pickering , Frederick Terman
1976: Morris Cohen , Peter Carl Goldmark , Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979: Emmett Leith , Raymond D. Mindlin , Robert Noyce , Earl R. Parker , Simon Ramo
1982: Ed Heinemann , Donald L. Katz
1983: William Hewlett , George Michael Low , John G. Trump
1986: Hans Liepmann , Tung-Yen Lin , Bernard M. Oliver
1987: Robert Byron Bird , Harry Bolton Seed , Ernst Weber
1988: Daniel Drucker , Willis Hawkins , George W. Housner
1989: Harry George Drickamer , Herbert Grier
1990: Mildred Dresselhaus , Nick Holonyak
1991: George H. Heilmeier , Luna Bergere Leopold , Guyford Stever
1992: Calvin Quate , John Roy Whinnery
1993: Alfred Y. Cho
1994: Ray W. Clough
1995: Hermann A. Haus
1996: James L. Flanagan , C. Kumar N. Patel
1998: Eli Ruckenstein
1999: Kenneth N. Stevens
2000: Yuan-Cheng Fung
2001: Andreas Acrivos
2002: Leo Beranek
2003: John Prausnitz
2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005: Jan D. Achenbach
2006: Robert Langer
2007: David Wineland
2008: Rudolf Kálmán
2009: Amnon Yariv
2010: Shu Chien
2011: John B. Goodenough
2012: Thomas Kailath

Matematica e informatica

1963: Norbert Wiener
1964: Solomon Lefschetz , Harold Calvin Marston Morse
1965: Oscar Zariski
1966: John Willard Milnor
1967: Paul Cohen
1968: Jerzy Neyman
1969: William Feller
1970: Richard Brauer
1973: John W. Tukey
1974: Kurt Gödel
1975: John W. Backus , Shiing-Shen Chern , George Dantzig
1976: Kurt Friedrichs , Hassler Whitney
1979: Joseph L. Doob , Donald E. Knuth
1982: Marshall Harvey Stone
1983: Herman H. Goldstine , Isadore M. Singer
1986: Peter Lax , Antoni Zygmund
1987: Raoul Bott , Michael Freedman
1988: Ralph E. Gomory , Joseph B. Keller
1989: Samuel Karlin , Saunders Mac Lane , Donald Spencer
1990: George F. Carrier , Stephen Cole Kleene , John McCarthy
1991: Alberto Calderón
1992: Allen Newell
1993: Martin Kruskal
1994: John Cocke
1995: Louis Nirenberg
1996: Richard M. Karp , Stephen Smale
1997: Shing-Tung Yau
1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999: Felix Browder , Ronald Coifman
2000: John Griggs Thompson , Karen Uhlenbeck
2001: CR Rao , Elias Stein
2002: James Glimm
2003: Carl de Boor
2004: Dennis Sullivan
2005: Bradley Efron
2006: Hyman Bass
2007: Leonard Kleinrock , Andrew J. Viterbi
2009: David Bryant Mumford
2010: Richard A. Tapia , SR Srinivasa Varadhan
2011: Solomon W. Golomb , Barry Mazur
2012: David Blackwell (postumo), Alexandre Chorin
2013: Michael Artin

Scienze fisiche

1963: Luis Walter Alvarez
1964: Julian Seymour Schwinger , Harold C. Urey , Robert B. Woodward
1965: John Bardeen , Peter Debye , Leon Max Lederman , William Walden Rubey
1966: Jacob Bjerknes , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Henry Eyring , John Hasbrouck Van Vleck , Vladimir Zworykin
1967: Jesse W. Beams , Albert Francis Birch , Gregory Breit , Louis Plack Hammett , George Bogdan Kistiakowsky
1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett , Herbert Friedman , Lars Onsager , Eugene Paul Wigner
1969: Herbert Charles Brown , Wolfgang Panofsky
1970: Robert Henry Dicke , Allan Rex Sandage , John C. Slater , John Archibald Wheeler , Saul Winstein
1973: Carl Djerassi , Maurice Ewing , Arie Jan Haagen-Smit , Vladimir Haensel , Frederick Seitz , Robert R. Wilson
1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen , Paul Flory , William Alfred Fowler , Linus Pauling , Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975: Hans Bethe , Joseph O. Hirschfelder , Lewis Hastings Sarett , Edgar Bright Wilson , Chien-Shiung Wu
1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit , Herbert S. Gutowsky , Frederick D. Rossini , Verner E. Suomi , Henry Taube , George Eugene Uhlenbeck
1979 Richard Feynman , Hermann F. Mark , Edward Mills Purcell , John H. Sinfelt , Lyman Spitzer , Victor Weisskopf
1982: Philip Warren Anderson , Yōichiro Nambu , Edward Teller , Charles Hard Townes
1983: Margaret Burbidge , Maurice Goldhaber , Helmut Landsberg , Walter Munk , Frederick Reines , Bruno Rossi , John Robert Schrieffer
1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum , H. Richard Crane , Herman Feshbach , Robert Hofstadter , Chen Ning Yang
1987: Philip Hauge Abelson , Walter Elsasser , Paul Christian Lauterbur , George E. Pake , James Van Allen
1988: David Allan Bromley , Chu Ching-wu , Walter Kohn , Norman Ramsey , Jack Steinberger
1989: Arnold Orville Beckman , Eugene N. Parker , Robert P. Sharp , Henry Stommel
1990: Allan McLeod Cormack , Edwin Mattison McMillan , Robert Pound , Roger Revelle
1991: Arthur Leonard Schawlow , Edward C. Stone , Steven Weinberg
1992: Eugene Shoemaker
1993: Val Fitch , Vera Rubin
1994: Albert Overhauser , Frank Press
1995: Hans Georg Dehmelt , Peter Goldreich
1996: Wallace Broecker
1997: Marshall Rosenbluth , Martin Schwarzschild , George Wetherill
1998: Don L. Anderson , John N. Bahcall
1999: James Cronin , Leo Kadanoff
2000: Willis Eugene Lamb , Jeremiah P. Ostriker , Gilbert F. White
2001: Marvin Cohen , Raymond Davis junior , Charles David Keeling
2002: Richard Garwin , W. Jason Morgan , Edward Witten
2003: Brent Dalrymple , Riccardo Giacconi
2004: Robert N. Clayton
2005: Ralph Alpher , Lonnie G. Thompson
2006: Daniel Kleppner
2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove , Charles P. Slichter
2008: Bernie Alder , James E. Gunn
2009: Yakir Aharonov , Esther M. Conwell , Warren M. Washington
2011: Sidney Drell , Sandra M. Faber , Sylvester James Gates
2012: Burton Richter , Sean Solomon
2014: Shirley Ann Jackson

link internet

Commons : National Medal of Science - Raccolta di immagini, video e file audio

Database di tutti i destinatari della National Medal of Science
Il presidente Obama per onorare i principali scienziati e innovatori della nazione. whitehouse.gov, 22 dicembre 2015